(This blog first appeared in 10000birds.com)
“There is, perhaps, no better place in the world for birds
than this country. Even in the tropics there are few birds that excel some of
our own in elegance and beauty of plumage and we have an unusually large number
of species considering the smallness of the area they inhabit.” (Woodward
brothers, “Natal Birds”, 1899)
The mighty Drakensberg
Mountains run along the western
boundary of KwaZulu-Natal
province. This image shows Sani Pass, a rough 4×4 track leading into the mountain kingdom of Lesotho. Image by Adam Riley.
With this quote I have the pleasure of introducing my home
province (state) for this month’s 10,000 Bird’s Africa Beat. I live in a city
called Pietermaritzburg, the capital of KwaZulu-Natal
province. At 36,433 sq. mi (almost exactly the same size as Indiana),
it is one of the smaller provinces of South Africa, but is the second
most densely populated with over 10 million inhabitants. The bulk of the
population (approximately 80%) belong to the Zulu tribe, but significant
numbers of Xhosa and Afrikaans, as well as immigrants from India and Britain
call this beautiful patch of land on Africa’s eastern seaboard their home.
Natal Francolin was discovered in what was then known as
Natal Colony by Dr Andrew Smith. Image by Adam Riley.
The Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama was the first
Westerner to make landfall in the province. This happened to be on Christmas
Day 1497, hence the moniker “Natal”,
the Portuguese word for “Christmas”. The land was of course already occupied by
San (Bushmen) hunter-gatherers for millennia and more recently Bantu tribes of
the Nguni branch (most notably Zulus and Xhosas). British settlers established
a trading post at what was called Port Natal in 1824; it was subsequently
renamed Durban and is now the province’s largest
city and Africa’s busiest port. However, the
interior remained untouched by settlers because of the ferocity of King Shaka
and the Zulus. Matters changed in 1837 when Afrikaans Voortrekkers (also known
as “Boers” meaning “farmers”) arrived in the province by oxwagon from the
interior, via treacherous passes over the high Drakensberg Mountains,
which form the western boundary of much of the province. Bloodshed was the
inevitable result when these fiercely independent and tough settlers clashed
with the mighty Zulus. At first the Zulu King Dingaan gained the upper hand by
slaughtering a large contingent of Boers (including their leaders Piet Retief
and Gert Maritz) but the infamous Battle of Blood River in 1838 lead to a
division of the territory between what was later known as Natal
to the south and Zululand to the north. The
capital city of Pietermaritzburg
was built after this formative battle and named in honor of the slain Boer
leaders. The British Empire annexed Natal in
1843 and after the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, they also took occupation of Zululand. These combined territories became the province of Natal
in 1910 and in 1994 it was renamed KwaZulu-Natal.
Natal Nightjar was also discovered in KwaZulu-Natal province. It has since changed
its name to Swamp Nightjar. Image by Adam Riley.
The ornithological history of the province is also
interesting and a typical story of scientific discovery pioneered by brave
explorers, naturalists and more recently birders. Dr Andrew Smith was the first
serious ornithologist and collector to visit KwaZulu-Natal. He was a Scottish army doctor
and zoologist who came to the Cape in 1821 as
surgeon to the Cape Mounted Rifle Corps. He arrived in Durban in 1832 on a political and exploratory
expedition and interviewed King Dingaan. Dr Smith was later in charge of
medical services in the Crimea but had a feud
with Florence Nightingale and was severely criticized for mismanagement, yet
despite this he was knighted in 1859. In KwaZulu-Natal
he discovered amongst many others birds Natal Francolin, Red-capped Robin-chat
(which was known as Natal Robin until recently),
Swamp Nightjar (also known as Natal
Nightjar), Mangrove Kingfisher and African Broadbill (the genus name Smithornis
celebrates Dr Smith).
The African Broadbill’s scientific name Smithornis capensis
honors Dr Andrew Smith. Despite discovering dozens of bird species, he is
however not remembered in any English names of birds. Image by Hugh Chittenden.
The famous Verreaux family who made several expeditions into
the province through the 1820’s and 1830’s procuring specimens for rich
collectors. After one 3 year stint, they left with 131,405 specimens including
birds, mammals, reptiles, plants and even human remains (which were only
recently repatriated for burial in Africa!)
They discovered Gurney’s Sugarbird during their time in South Africa.
Gurney’s Sugarbird was discovered by the Verreaux family and
named after wealthy English banker and amateur naturalist John Gurney from Norwich. Image by Adam
Riley.
Johan Wahlberg, a Swedish naturalist and collector, arrived
in 1839 in the company of Frenchman Adulphe Delegorgue. Delegorgue’s main
ornithological contribution was collecting Delegorgue’s Pigeon in the now
vanished forests of Durban,
but besides this he had little significant input. However he did publish a
journal of his travels in the province which makes for fascinating reading.
Wahlberg travelled even more extensively and amassed a huge bird collection. In
KwaZulu-Natal he collected the type specimens of Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird,
White-eared Barbet, Blue Swallow, Brown Scrub-Robin, Short-tailed Pipit and
others species. In 1856 Wahlberg was killed by an Elephant near Lake Ngami
in Botswana without ever
publishing an account of his travels, but fellow Swede Carl Sundevall cataloged his collection at the Stockholm
Museum and described the
birds Wahlberg collected. Sundevall named Wahlberg’s Eagle and Wahlberg’s
Honeyguide in his memory.
Delegorgue’s Pigeon was discovered in the Berea
area of Durban
by French adventurer Adulphe Delegorgue. It is also known as Eastern
Bronze-naped Pigeon. Image by Hugh Chittenden.
Brown Scrub Robin is a secretive coastal forest songster
that was discovered in KwaZulu-Natal
province by Johan Wahlberg. Image by Adam Riley.
Thomas Ayres arrived in 1850 and farmed in Cowies Hill near Durban, as well as
collecting birds for additional income. During much of the 19th century it was
fashionable for Victorian and European gentry to own a collection of birds and
other curiosities and it was a lucrative practice to supply such specimens.
Ayres discovered Orange Ground Thrush, Ayres’ Cisticola and Ashy Flycatcher in
the process. In the 1870’s much collecting was done by several officers of the
British regiment in the province, most notable was Captain George Shelley. He
was a nephew of the famous poet Percy Shelley and had Shelley’s Sunbird named
after him.
Orange Ground Thrush is a secretive mistbelt forest species
that occurs in mid-elevation forests of KwaZulu-Natal,
where it was first discovered by Thomas Ayres. Image by Adam Riley.
The inner cover of “Natal Birds” by the Woodward brothers.
Published in 1899, this was the first book on the region’s birds and the
illustration shows Woodward’s Barbet, a species discovered by the brothers in Ngoye Forest.
The Woodward brothers time was next. Reverend Robert and his
brother John were Anglican missionaries in the province between 1881 and their
deaths in 1905. In 1899 they published “Natal Birds” from which the opening
quote was taken. This was the first book on the birds of KwaZulu-Natal. Their explorations included
two oxwagon journeys into Zululand where they explored Ngoye
Forest and the Lebombo Mountains.
They discovered Woodward’s Barbet and Woodward’s Batis, which were named in
their honor by Captain Shelley.
Woodward’s Batis is a restricted range coastal forest
species that was discovered by the Woodward brothers in Zululand.
Both its English common name and scientific name of Batis fratum commemorate
the brothers. “Fratum” meaning “brothers” in Latin. Image by Hugh Chittenden.
Ngoye Forest on the scarp slopes of Zululand
is a unique forest that harbors the sole population of Woodward’s Barbet. Image
by Adam Riley.
Woodward’s Barbet belongs to a group of barbets known as
Green Barbets. Several isolated populations exist, the most southern being
Woodward’s, restricted to Ngoye
Forest. The nearest
population to them is several thousand miles north in Malawi and southern Tanzania. Image by Hugh Chittenden.
Captain Claude Grant worked in the province from 1903-07. He
discovered Rudd’s Lark at Wakkerstroom and in Southern Mozambique he collected
the first specimens of Rudd’s Apalis, Neergaard’s Sunbird and rediscovered
Pink-throated Twinspot (which had been “missing” since the 1820’s when the
Verreauxs erroneously claimed to have collected it in Cape Town.) The lark was
named after Charles Rudd, a mining magnate and business partner of Cecil John
Rhodes (together they founded De Beers Mining in Kimberly and Goldfields of SA
in Witwatersrand, two of the world’s largest
mining companies). Rudd was a keen ornithologist and financed Captain Grant’s
expeditions which discovered the new birds. The sunbird was named in honor of
Neergaard, a mining staff recruiting officer for Goldfields based in southern Mozambique who
assisted Captain Grant during his expedition. Grant co-authored “Birds of the
Southern Third of Africa” with Macworth-Praed in 1962.
Rudd’s Apalis is a restricted range species that occurs
along the Zululand coastal belt. It was
discovered by Captain Claude Grant in the opening years of the 20th century and
named in honor of his financier, mining magnate Charles Rudd. Image by Hugh
Chittenden.
The beautiful Pink-throated Twinspot is another highly
range-restricted species occurring along the Zululand coastal plain and into
southern Mozambique.
It was first described by the Verreaux family in the 1830′s and it was claimed
that they blow-darted the specimen in Cape
Town. The bird remained “lost” for 80 years until
Captain Claude Grant rediscovered it in subtropical sandforest habitat thus
disproving the Verreaux information. Image by Adam Riley.
Roden Symonds hailed from Pietermaritzburg but was based at Giants Castle
in the Drakensberg
Mountains for many years
as a conservator. Besides San rock paintings, he took a number of collecting
expeditions and has Drakensberg Siskin Serinus symonsi named after him. Durban museum based ornithologist Philip Clancey took
numerous expeditions into Zululand and Mozambique, discovering several new
subspecies as well as a new species to science, Lemon-breasted Canary in 1961.
Clancey was a prodigious publisher of papers and books including “Birds of
Natal and Zululand”, all lavishly illustrated
with his excellent and distinctive bird paintings.
Drakensberg Siskin is a localized species of the highest
ranges of the Drakensberg
Mountains where it was
described and named after Roden Symonds. Image by Adam Riley.
In more recent times, many other local ornithologists and
birders have added to our knowledge of the province’s birds. Worthy of specific
mention include Ian Sinclair who discovered numerous new bird records in the
province, chasing vagrants and becoming the first person to see 800 species in Southern Africa, something that had been considered far
from possible. Digby Cyrus and Nigel Robson published the “Bird Atlas of Natal”
in 1980, which mapped all bird sightings between 1970-1980. Gordon Bennett
published “Where to see birds in Natal”
and has been an active provincial birder for many years. Prof Gordon Maclean
was talented as both an ornithologist and a birder, he authored two editions of
Roberts Birds of Southern Africa and published numerous other books and papers.
James Wakelin is prime example of modern ornithologist and conservator. He
worked for Ezemvelo (the provincial parks authority) and was an avid bird
bander who also worked on DNA analyses, radio tracking, monitoring endangered species
nests etc. Hugh Chittenden is a master photographer and birder who has done
many studies of local birds. He has published “Robert’s Fieldguide to Birds of
Southern Africa”, “Top Birding Spots of Southern Africa”, and is busy with a
new fieldguide to regional variations of Southern African birds. Hugh was
recently awarded an honorary doctorate for his contribution to ornithology.
The Mangrove Kingfisher is a rare species which, as its name
suggests, lives in coastal mangroves. It was discovered in KwaZulu-Natal province by Dr Andrew Smith.
This bird breeds in the forests of the Transkei
area and is only a winter visitor to KwaZulu-Natal.
Image by Hugh Chittenden.
One way of measuring the growth of knowledge of
KwaZulu-Natal’s birds is tallying up the species recorded through the years. In
1899, the Woodward brothers reported 383 species in their “Natal Birds”. This
total includes several invalid species such as the ruddy and olive forms of
Olive Bushshrike split as two species and the yellow shouldered form of Black
Cuckooshrike being listed as a Hartlaub’s Cuckooshrike. In 1964, Clancey’s
“Birds of Natal and Zululand” raised the total
to 590. By the end of the 1970-1980 bird atlas project, Cyrus & Robson
added 56 new species, taking the provincial total to 646. With the advent of
more birders, better optics, modern fieldguides and other information, the list
now stands at over 710 species and additions are found every year. This is an
incredible number of species for a subtropical region of its size and a visit
to South Africa would not be
complete without exploring the green province
of KwaZulu-Natal.
Known for many years as the Natal Robin but now renamed as
Red-capped Robin-Chat, this species was discovered by Dr Andrew Smith in KwaZulu-Natal province
and still reflects is type location with its scientific name Cossypha
natalensis. Image by Leon Fouche.
